Archive for September, 2010

When is reporting a rumour tantamount to spreading it?

Monday, September 13th, 2010

An interesting article has been floated around since appearing for the first time yesterday in the UK. The article, published by the Sunday Express, reports that British Special Air Service (SAS) troops are planning to evacuate Britons from Pakistan in the event of a coup.

The article in question, by British reporter James Murray, SAS soldiers are “standing by for an emergency evacuation of Britons from Pakistan amid fears of a military coup.” The only evidence provided in the article is a quote from “a diplomatic source” who allegedly told Mr Murray that there are rumours that “some people in the military” have said that a military takeover would provide stability.

Now, of course, it would not be unusual in the least for any government to have a contingency plan for their diplomats in other countries. I would be surprised if we did not have the same types of contingency plans for evacuating our own diplomats from overseas. But this article is not reporting such a banality. Rather, it is based on a rumour that a coup is imminent.

But let us look at the foundation for this claim of imminent British evacuation:

A “diplomatic source” heard a rumour, which he told a reporter, who then reported it as a fact. The report was picked up and expanded on by Indian media who added their own embellishments including that “the present weak (sic) civilian government suits [the Americans] perfectly”. All of this has come full circle and is now being reported, again, in our own media.

This cycle of substituting rumour for research is a very real problem and, unfortunately, not a new one.

Much like the famous “Minus-One formula” popularized by reporters Rauf Klasra, Ansar Abbasi, and Shaheen Sehbai in 2009, this rumour is being started with a mention in the news media and then spread as different reporters “report” the rumour. The website for The News lists entries of at least 169 different stories that refer to “minues one”!

Also, much like the Klasra’s “Minus One” theory, there appears to be no basis in fact for this new conspiracy. Actually, it looks more like the wishful journalism that we’ve seen for years.

Tales of imminent evacuations even precede the present administration. In 2008, in fact, that there were rumours of an airplane sitting at Chaklala Airbase waiting to whisk away then-President Musharraf while he was “frantically packing” back in Rawalpindi. Like the “Minus One forumula”, this also never happened.

From foreign news sites to domestic news media like The Nation, we are seeing a cycle in which rumours are being substituted for actual reporting.

One expects such gossips and rumours to be idly told in drawing rooms and verandas. These reporters are like the son who tells that he has been accepted to medical school, but never actually leaves home – wishful thinking only. It makes you feel good while you say it, but in the end you are only embarrassed.

Idle gossip over chai is one thing. Publishing rumours and idle gossips about the imminent fall of the government in the newspaper is another. The proper role of the media is to investigate and report facts, not to spread rumours in the hope of creating an alternative reality. Please, keep it to the facts only.

View Point: 9/11 and Pakistan’s Urdu press

Monday, September 13th, 2010

The following article originally appeared in the Internet Magazine View Point on Saturday.

Hamid Mir with Usama Bin Laden in 1997

Pakistan’s Urdu press is perhaps the most careless, irresponsible and demagogic in the world. It promotes conspiracy theories day in day out. Instead of expert knowledge, most editorialists and columnists rely on crude propaganda, emotionalism and prejudice. It does not let the facts stand in the way of a good story. The concept of fact checking is totally alien.

(more…)

The Nation Publishes Taliban PR

Friday, September 10th, 2010

The Nation (logo)We have been writing lately about evidence of media priorities and questions about whether some news organizations are providing PR for banned organizations and jihadi groups. We have so far shown some evidence that suggests that this is present in both English language and Urdu language media, but so far most of the evidence has raised questions of influence and editorial position. Today, though, we provide evidence of a major news organization spreading direct Taliban PR.

In total, The Nation‘s website is hosting at least 160 individual articles with by lines attributed to Taliban spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid. The publishing of official Taliban PR appears to have begun in May of this year.

While it would not be unusual for a reporter to quote a Taliban spokesman, what makes this situation unique is that the by line for the articles is attributed to Zabihullah Mujahid. There is no context or analysis provided by an objective reporter. Rather, The Nation appears to have either for pay or for free given space on its website to promote Taliban PR.

That the articles on The Nation website include a by line for Zabihullah Mujahid and refers to the source as “Taliban website” demonstrates that The Nation is knowingly using their website to publish official Taliban PR.

This situation raises serious questions about whether some elements at The Nation are operating as a legitimate news source, or as a covert operatives for militant jihadi organizations. While criticism of the US and the war in Afghanistan is certainly within the bounds of responsible journalism, there is a difference between criticism and propaganda.

Furthermore, the question must be asked if The Nation is now at risk of having its financial assets and economic resources frozen under UN Resolution 1904 which states that

all States shall…Freeze without delay the funds and other financial assets or economic resources of these individuals, groups, undertakings and entities, including funds derived from property owned or controlled directly or indirectly, by them or by persons acting on their behalf or at their direction, and ensure that neither these nor any other funds, financial assets or economic resources are made available, directly or indirectly for such persons’ benefit, by their nationals or by persons within their territory…including but not limited to those used for the provision of Internet hosting or related services, used for the support of Al-Qaida, Usama bin Laden, or the Taliban and other individuals, groups, undertakings, or entities associated with them…

Reporting about important issues such as militancy, terrorism, war and security is a key role of the media. Doing this without direction from the government so that the reports are objective and unbiased is vital to a free media. But turning over use of media resources to the official spokespeople for any organization – especially a terrorist organization banned by the United Nations – is not free, objective, or unbiased. It is the opposite, which is called simply propaganda. We encourage The Nation to end this practice immediately.

We were unable to find any instances of this practice on the websites of Dawn, The News (Jang), Daily Times, or Express Tribune.


Evidence That Advertising Is Driving PR For Banned Organizations?

Wednesday, September 8th, 2010

Recently we noted that Daily Nawa-i-Waqt was accepting advertising from a banned group, Jamaat ud Dawa. We asked whether accepting advertising from banned groups would affect the reporting or editorial stance of the newspaper such as leading to articles that are sympathetic to or supportive of this group? The answer may be showing itself.

A page two column from Nawa-i-Waqt on Tuesday highlighted a claim that Jamaat ud Dawa “has made over 1 million suits for flood victims”. A staff reporter went on to report that JuD is providing milk packets to 7,000 children.

As shown in previous posts, this is a very small amount of aid to flood victims compared to that being organized and delivered by non-political NGOs as well as the government and military.

This blog has observed recently that some journalists, either unwittingly or for pay, appear to be providing PR for banned organizations. We have seen such examples in both English language and Urdu news media, including in The News (Jang), The Nation, Dawn, Daily Khabrian and now Nawa-i-Waqt.

Since Nawa-i-Waqt has also accepted advertising for banned groups, the question must be asked whether these illegal organizations are using advertising or PR methods to influence media coverage, or if the continued praise of illegal organizations reflects certain political bias by editors and reporters at these newspapers.

Newspaper Accepts Paid Advertisements From Banned Groups

Tuesday, September 7th, 2010

Daily Nawa-i-WaqtBanned group Jamaat ud Dawa has paid newspapers for advertising space – and the newspapers accepted the offer. This raises further questions around the topic of media priorities that we began discussing last week.

Daily Nawa-i-waqt ran a large paid advertisement signed by Hafiz Saeed for Jamaat ud Dawa that says,

Responsible people and members of JuD, help the flood victims on a preferential basis.

While the advertisement appears to be asking people to give money to help flood victims, it is actually promoting the banned organization. It does this in two ways:

First, the advertisement makes a direct connection between the victims of the flood and the relief efforts of JuD despite the fact that JuD has provided only a marginal amount of support for flood victims, and that ignores the broader mission of the organization which is to spread an extremist version of Islam.

Second, the advertisement suggests that the best way to help flood victims is to give financial contributions to JuD rather than to government efforts or apolitical NGOs operating on the ground. This, despite the fact that such an act is illegal as JuD is a banned organization whose accounts have been frozen, despite their continuing to operate openly. Furthermore, the fact that JuD’s accounts have been frozen raises the question of how the advertisement was paid for – did Nawa-i-Waqt accept cash, or was the advertisement provided ‘pro bono’ or complimentary?

Whatever the situation, it is worth questioning what it means about the priorities of newspapers like Nawa-i-Waqt who will accept advertising from banned organizations.

According to Gillian Dyer, advertising has a direct influence on the editorial environment of a newspaper. (Advertising as communication, Volume 1982, Part 2, p.67)

Advertisers will look for the right editorial environment as well as the right readers when they buy space. From this we might conclude that any criticism of an advertiser’s business activities will be avoided in the editorial sections of newspapers.

A 2008 paper by Kelly E. Campbell titled, Advertiser Influence on News Media: A Literature Review concludes that there editors and journalists are aware of this pressure.

Clearly, editors and journalists perceive there to be advertiser pressure. Given the
amount of research that has examined advertiser influence from the news organization’s
perspective, it would be interesting to examine how advertisers themselves perceive their
role in influencing editorial content.

Gillian Dyer’s book concludes that,

Advertisers play a major part in shaping society’s values, habits and direction. They are also partly responsible for influencing the character and development of the media system…Newspapers and magazines are increasingly forced into creating the right ‘editorial environment’ for advertisers, and in addition we can see a growing polarization between popular and quality newspapers.

With this in mind, we must ask what the act of accepting advertising by a banned organization says about the priorities and editorial stance of Nawa-i-Waqt. If the newspaper accepted payment for the advertisement, how has that affected their stance on organizations operating illegally in the country? If they provided the advertisement without charge, are they then demonstrating their support for the illegal organization?

Already some reporters have pointed to news media providing PR for banned groups. Is this yet another example? And what does that tell us about what the agenda of these newspapers?

Research shows that advertising has an influence on reporting and editorial positions. Typically, this may be a subtle effect such as not wanting to write too much about a corporate scandal if the company is a large advertiser. When it comes to banned organization like JuD, though, real questions emerge about what the newspaper’s priorities are and whether the advertising accepted is having some influence on the editorial positions and reporting in the newspaper.

Please, Keep It To The Facts

Monday, September 6th, 2010

The following comment was left on a column by Ms Beenish Ahmed for Huffington Post. Ms Ahmed writes about the rumours being circulated that Asif Zardari has purchased a London flat for some £140 million. Whereas Waj’s evidence was an email being forwarded around, Ms Ahmed’s proof comes from statements of Dr Saeed Elahi in The News.

Dear Miss Beenish Ahmed,

There are a few problems with your story that I think require addressing. First, you say that The News confirmed that Asif Zardari purchased the flat. But the article you link to says that this was a claim of Dr Saeed Elahi – an opposition MPA from PML-N. How is this a confirmation? Also, while Mr Sehbai has certainly made this claim also, the original source of the rumour appears to have come from an email being circulated (http://pakistanmediawatch.com/2010/08/27/waj-s-khans-real-estate-rumours/) which is clearly a political propaganda.

Second, your concluding paragraph suggests that the rumours are as yet unproven, but you also claim that Mr Zardari has “habit of skimming government moneys for personal use”. This is a very serious charge – what proofs do you have to support this claim?

It seems that the overall point of your article is commendable – that media organizations such as The News should not “twist the truth for political appeal” which you deem “occupational corruption”, but even in your argument you are making several assumptions that perpetuate rumours without any supporting evidence. Please, keep it to the facts.

As I point out in the comment, it does appear that Ms Ahmed is trying to be fair. She does correctly point out that,

If the story is a false account, it will only prove a willingness of one of Pakistan’s most revered media outlets to twist the truth for political appeal, in other words, enter into the same sort of occupational corruption it tries to hold the government responsible for.

Unfortunately, as noted in the comment, she also repeats other claims that may exist in the popular opinion, but have not been proven by any actual evidence. This makes them neither true nor false, but unkowns. This is something that we believe is a regularly occurring problem in media that is difficult to fix, but must be addressed: Only reporting actual facts that can be proven, not “facts” that are really “assumptions” or “beliefs”.

I was encouraged by Ms Ahmed’s clear attempt to move toward an objective review of the story, but her repeating rumours and her failure to report that the source at the foundation of her claim, Mr Saeed Elahi, is an opposition politician demonstrate that there is still more work to do.

Are Some Journalists Providing PR For Banned Groups?

Friday, September 3rd, 2010

Are some journalists, either unwittingly or for pay, providing PR for banned militant groups? That is a question raised by Gulmina Bilal Ahmad in today’s Daily Times, and one that bears close examination.

Gulmina takes to task reporter Yousaf Ali from The News for an article he wrote last week claiming that “Islamic charities most effective in relief activities”.

If I were associated with an ‘Islamic’ charity, I would file a suit against the reporter because he goes on to mention organisations that are old wines in new bottles. In other words, banned militant organisations operating under new names. There are a number of Islamic charities that are doing excellent work and do not use militant ways and means. They are funded not by mafias, crime and drug money as the militant organisations are, and have transparent, audited accounts.

The reporter is supposed to report, not give an opinion. Opinions are reserved for the op-ed pages. However, in the said news story, in the very title, the reporter has given his considered opinion. Throughout the four-column story, he fails to establish what is the basis of his sweeping conclusion displayed prominently in the heading.

Clearly, there is a problem raised by the fact that the author makes a bold claim that is not supported by the facts presented in his reporting. The reporter may believe that his claim is true – in fact, the claim could be true – but without providing evidence to support the claim, the reporter is wrong in making it.

But even the reporters claims are questionable. Yousaf Ali writes that,

Cooked food has been distributed among 0.25 million so far, while 23,046 packages were distributed among 161,322 families, the handout stated.

But according to Daily Mail News, the US has sent over 77,000 food packets for flood victims.

Talking to a privet television channel, the NDMA chairman said that they had demanded 380,000 food packets from the US for the flood stricken people in the country. He said the US sent a first batch of 77,000 food packets through C-130 plane which had been dispatched to affected areas.

Nadeem Ahmad said that another 43,000 boxes were expected to reach soon. “The US has assured of more cooperation to ease the miseries of people,” he said. Meanwhile, US Ambassador to Pakistan Anne W Patterson announced that the US government is continuing to send assistance for flood relief efforts in Pakistan. “The United States supports Pakistan’s emergency relief efforts on behalf of people affected by recent monsoon floods,” she said.

Surely Mr Ali knows that 77,000 is more than 23,046. So why does he ignore such facts in his article?

Gulima suspects a bit of spot-fixing going on at Jang Group’s English newspaper:

The news story further goes on to declare that the “most effective among the Islamic charities” is “the Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation which is linked with the Jamaat-ud-Dawa (JuD)”. The reporter clearly is aware of the way the Falah-e-Insaniat Foundation is linked with the JuD. Is the reporter not aware then that the JuD is a banned organisation? As if the heading of the news story was not enough, the reporter, to really imprint it in the reader’s mind, further states, “much discussed in the international media, the Falah-e-Insaniat is another major contributor in the relief activities”.

Since, in this space, I am clearly asked to give my opinion, I will venture to state that it seems to be a paid, placed piece to do some damage control and spin some ‘feel good’ stories about the Falah-e-Insaniat, given the fact that “much has been written in the international media” about it.

Banned organizations are well known to change their names in order to avoid being closed down. Despite this, they are well known. They are also being praised by some in the media – as evidenced by Yousaf Ali’s column as well as articles in The Nation, and Dawn.

And this is not an issue that appears only in English media, of course.

Leading English newspapers do not have the monopoly over promoting irresponsible reporting nor is the militant media confined only to English. Just this week, an Urdu paper prominently displayed a statement of Hafiz Saeed, head of JuD, claiming that “there is no al Qaeda”. If there is no al Qaeda, then how is it that there is a group that has, to date, claimed responsibility for global terrorism attacks? Another question that begs to be answered is what is the basis for this claim of Mr Hafiz Saeed?

Just yesterday, Urdu newspaper Daily Khabrian included an article claiming that “foreign hands” were involved in the Lahore attacks. The evidence for this conspiracy? A statement from Rana Munir of Pakistan Muslim Rajput Federation.

The reporter for Daily Khabrian did not feel it necessary to ask how Rana Munir knew of such a conspiracy, and the newspaper’s editors did not (as evidenced by the publication of the article) feel it necessary to ask why such a statement by Rana Munir was significant enough to be a priority for publication. All of this despite the fact that banned group Lashker-e-Jhangvi claiming responsibility for the attacks.

These articles raise important questions: How is it that banned groups are getting a disproportionate amount of positive press coverage for the relief work that they are doing? Why do media outlets continue to publish conspiracy theories absolving banned groups from responsibility for attacks – even after the groups admit responsibility? And why do major news outlets like The News (Jang), The Nation, and Dawn consider it a priority to publish articles praising the work of banned groups over others?

Media Priorities

Thursday, September 2nd, 2010

Today we began what we believe will be an interesting experiment in observing media priorities. We started by looking at what different newspapers found to be worthy of front page coverage and also the topics of each paper’s editorials. The results might surprise you…but probably not.

Yesterday, Pakistan suffered a serious attack in which at least 33 people have been killed and hundreds more wounded. The attacks targeted a Shi’a procession in Lahore. Lashkar-e-Jhangvi claimed responsibility for the attack almost immediately.

With this recent tragedy still fresh in the nation’s consciousness, we wanted to know what the media companies thought was important today? First, let’s take a look at the front pages of several newspapers:

Dawn Front Page 2 Sept 2010 The News Front Page, 2 September 2010 The Nation Front Page, 2 Sept 2010
Judging by column space, the most important story seems to be what a good deal you will get from the media companies’ advertisers. Okay, yes, newspapers do require advertising to keep subscription fees low. But it is worth noting still that The Nation has more advertising than actual reporting on the front page, though Dawn and The News are not far behind.

What’s more interesting, though, is what each newspaper thinks is most important to report on the front page. The Nation has a few stories about the attacks in Lahore, but devotes at least as much space to stories about Supreme Court’s hearings on the 18th Amendment, US-Pakistan strategic talks, NAB, and inflation.

Dawn devotes the majority of its print space to coverage of the terror attack in Lahore, with the next biggest stories being flooding and the Sialkot lynching.

The News devotes about equal space to the Lahore attacks as they do advertising, but the majority of column space is for stories about floods and politics.

Editorial Pages

Editorial pages are where the official position of a publication is printed. The following topics appeared today.

The News

  • Sialkot Murders
  • 18th Amendment and appointment of judges
  • School reading curriculums

Dawn

  • Taxes
  • Criticism of US treatment of military officers
  • Objectives resolution

The Nation

  • Criticism of US treatment of military officers
  • Oil prices
  • Criticism of government handling floods

It’s interesting, I think, that none of these three major newspapers had any editorial condemning the Lahore attacks. Surely they will make some statement at some point, but why was it not a priority? That’s not to say that school reading curriculum and oil prices are not important, but why did the news organizations decide those were more important than making a statement on the killings?

American intellectual Noam Chomsky has spoken for decades about what he calls “manufacturing consent”. He describes the way that major media organizations decide what is worthy of discussion, and that this has an influence on the way that society evolves.

It’s basically an institutional analysis of the major media, what we call a propaganda model. We’re talking primarily about the national media, those media that sort of set a general agenda that others more or less adhere to, to the extent that they even pay much attention to national or international affairs.

Now the elite media are sort of the agenda-setting media. That means The New York Times, The Washington Post, the major television channels, and so on. They set the general framework. Local media more or less adapt to their structure.

And they do this in all sorts of ways: by selection of topics, by distribution of concerns, by emphasis and framing of issues, by filtering of information, by bounding of debate within certain limits. They determine, they select, they shape, they control, they restrict — in order to serve the interests of dominant, elite groups in the society.

Mr Chomsky was, of course, writing about the media in his own country, but the same theory pertains to our media as well. This is not a judgment against the media, but it is something to be aware of. Not only does the content of reporting shape the way people perceive certain issues, but the decision about what is newsworthy is a very powerful part of media. Thus, you should ask yourself – are the media’s priorities my priorities? Or are they different?

Quran Burning – Facts and Fiction

Wednesday, September 1st, 2010

Daily Nawa-i-WaqtWhile the primary focus of this blog has, so far, been English language media, this represents but a small part of the media – and an even smaller part of the problem of inaccurate and misleading stories.

Take, for example, a front page story from the Nawa-i-Waqt newspaper about a Christian church in Florida, USA that has organized a rally to burn copies of the Holy Quran. This article makes the claim that “Western countries have resorted to presumptuous attacks”, and reports that some Ulema have condemned the West and the United Nations for their silence.

But the truth is, there has not been a silence on this matter. It has been widely condemned by Christian religious groups in the US and even the the US government and the UN.

A quick Google search revealed that a newspaper of Baptist Christians in Texas reports that the National Association of Evangelicals has condemned the threat of burning Quran and demanded that it be canceled. Other Christian religious leaders have also condemned the threats. In fact, the newspaper USA Today reported that the officials in the city denied any permits for such an act.

This is an act being threatened by a small group of extremists, and clearly does not represent any official action by American Christians any more than the actions of Hizbut Tahrir represent the official position of the majority of Muslims here.

It should also be noticed that recently in the US there are even churches that have burned bibles.

A North Carolina pastor says his church plans to burn Bibles and books by Christian authors on Halloween to light a fire under true believers.

Pastor Marc Grizzard told Asheville TV station WLOS that the King James version of the Bible is the only one his small western North Carolina church follows. He says all other versions, such as the Living Bible, are “satanic” and “perversions” of God’s word.

Obviously, nobody will accuse the US or the UN of being anti-Christian. And yet they even allow the burning of bibles in America. This is because it is considered part of the right of free speech granted in their Constitution.

Despite this freedom, there has been a loud outcry in the Christian community against the plans for Quran burning, as shown above. But that is not all.

American Ambassador the United Nations Eileen Chamberlain Donahoe has written a public letter to United Nations High Commissioner for Human Right Navanethem Pillay supporting complaints from Ambassador Zamir Akram and condemning the threat to burn any Qu’rans or show any disrespect to Islam.

As United States Ambassador to the UN Human Rights Council, I wanted to register strong support for the request sent to you by my colleague, Ambassador Zamir Akram of Pakistan, in his capacity as Coordinator of the OIC Group on Human Rights and Humanitarian Issues in Geneva, dated July 9, 2010. In his letter, Ambassador Akram called to your attention a report that the Dove Outreach Center in Gainesville, Florida plans to hold an “international burn a Koran Day” on 11 September 2010 in alleged remembrance of the victims of 9/11 and to demonstrate against “the evil of Islam.”

The United States government in no way condones such acts of disrespect. To the contrary, the United States is deeply concerned about deliberate attempts to offend members of religious or ethnic groups. President Obama made clear in Cairo in his speech on June 4, 2009 that he considers it part of his responsibility as President to fight against negative stereotypes of Islam wherever they occur, a responsibility I share. I also note that many Americans of all faiths disagree with this initiative by the Dove Outreach Center. The Council on American-Islamic Relations, for example, is using education and outreach to counter this “Burn the Koran” campaign with a campaign to share the Koran.

As you know, Madame High Commissioner, the United States strongly believes that the best antidote to intolerance is a combination of robust legal protections against discrimination and hate crimes, proactive government outreach to minority religious groups, and the vigorous defense of both freedom of religion and expression. As we have discussed in the past, the United States supports the full use of your office and moral authority to speak out against intolerance and instances of hate speech where they occur.

The front page report in Daily Nawa-i-Waqt is misleading and based on false rumours that are easily disproven with the smallest amount of research. Considering that the vast majority take their news from Urdu sources, it is essential that the people get fair and accurate information, not hysterical falsehoods and religious exploitation.